Chiffchaff
(P. collybita)å……å……..å……å……å……å……å……
Iberian Chiffchaff (P. humei)?å……å…………å……å……å……å
Willow warbler (P. trochilus)å……å……å……å...å……å……å…
Wood warbler (P.sibilatrix)å……å……å……å……å…...å…
Western Bonelli's warbler (P.bonelli)å……å……å……å……î……å…
Yellow-browed warbler (P. inornatus)å……å……å……å……î……å…
Pallas' warbler (P. proregulus)å……å……å……å……..å…å……
Hume's warbler (P. humei)å……å……å……å……å……å……å…
Greenish warblers (P. trochiloides etc.)å……å……å……å..…å..
Arctic warbler (P.borealis)å……å……å……å……å……å...å……
Leaf-warblers are small insectivorous birds belonging to the genus Phylloscopus.
This was formerly placed in the "Catch-all" Old World warbler family, but is now moved into a new family Phylloscopidae (Alstrïdi)et al. 2006). There are presently some 55 species in the genus, but this created anomalies making it polyphyletic with regards to Seicercus & some other genera. ?/span>Several species will soon be moved out of the present genus.
Phylloscopus are active, constantly moving, warblers always associated with trees, though normally in fairly open woodland rather than closely planted ones. They occur from top of the canopy to the under-storey. Most of the species are markedly territorial both in their summer and winter quarters.
Many are greenish or brownish above and off-white or yellowish below. Compared to some other "warblers", their songs are very simple
Species breeding in temperate regions are usually strongly migratory.
Wikipedia - ?/span>Leaf-warbler
The Common
Chiffchaff, or more usually, the Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus
collybita,
a common
and widespread leaf-warbler which breeds in open woodlands
throughout northern and temperate Europe and Asia.
a migratory passerine which
winters in southern and western Europe, southern Asia and
north Africa.
Greenish-brown above and off-white below, it is named onomatopoeically for its
simple chiff-chaff song. It has a number of subspecies, some of which
are now treated as full species. The female builds a domed nest on or near the
ground, and assumes most of the responsibility for brooding and feeding the
chicks, whilst the male has little involvement in nesting, but defends his
territory against rivals, and attacks potential predators.
A small insectivorous bird, it is subject to predation by
mammals, such as cats and mustelids, and birds, particularly hawks
of the genus Accipiter.
༯span>Song
P. ibericus, the Iberian Chiffchaff
is brighter, greener on the rump, and yellower below than P. collybita ?/span>and has a tit-tit-tit-tswee-tswee song. ?/span>It was initially named P. brehmii, but the type specimen of that taxon is not an Iberian Chiffchaff!! ?/span>?/span>This species is found in Portugal and Spain, west of a line stretching roughly from the western Pyrenees ?/span>via the mountains of central Spain to the Mediterranean; the Iberian and Common Chiffchaffs co-occur in a narrow band along this line. ?/span>Apart from the northernmost section, the precise course of the contact zone is not well-documented. A long-distance migrant, this species winters in western Africa. It differs from P. c. collybita in vocalisations, ?/span>external morphology, 쯳pan>and mtDNA sequences.
Chiffchaffà à à à ¼/span>Song - Iberian
The Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus)
a very common and widespread leaf warbler which breeds throughout northern and temperate Europe and Asia, from Ireland east to the Anadyr River basin in eastern Siberia. It is strongly migratory, with almost all of the population wintering in sub-Saharan Africa.༯span>Willow Warblers prefer young, open, scrubby woodland with small trees, including human-altered habitats such as coppice and young plantations up to 10?0 years old and usually less than 5m tall. ?/span>High amounts of birch, alder and willow, with good lichen amounts, and water features (e.g. streams), fields with large amounts of bracken and mosses, and patches of low bramble (for nest cover) are preferred, but it will use a wide range of other species, including young or open coniferous forests.??/span>
Incorporating woodland ride edge thickets is beneficial, as is 15 metre woodland edges of varying structure and height. They prefer damp woodland areas. Thicket forming shrubs like blackthorn provide pockets of habitat. Deer browsing can degrade the required low cover.??/span>In England this species has on average decreased in population by 70% within the last 25 years, with the biggest declines in the southeast.??/span>In Scotland some increases have occurred.
Willow warblerà ¿à à ?Song
The Wood Warbler ( Phylloscopus sibilatrix )
a common and widespread leaf warbler which breeds throughout northern and temperate Europe, and just into the extreme west of Asia in the southern Ural Mountains. This warbler is strongly migratory and the entire population winters in tropical Africa. In the British Isles (largely absent from Ireland) ?/span>there has been a dramatic decrease in populations? c 43%?over 5 years.
There are now very few north of the Thames and east of a
line from the Severn to the Humber; possibly a third of Britain's birds breed
in Wales. CBC indices show fluctuations but there is recent evidence for a very
worrying decline of 43% in the five-year BBS index (1994-1998). On its way
out from East Anglia and some other areas. ?/span>
This is a bird of open but shady mature woodlands, such as beech and sessile oak, with some sparse ground cover for nesting. The nest, domed and similar to that of the Willow warbler (P.trochilus), ?/span>is usually built on the ground in low shrub.
Wood warblerà à ༯span>Song
Western Bonelli's
Warbler
Was
formerly regarded as the western subspecies of a wider "Bonelli's
Warbler" species, but as a result of modern taxonomic developments, this
species is now usually considered to be two species (Sangster et al.
2002, Parkin 2003):
The
breeding ranges of the two species do not overlap; while their appearance and
songs are very similar, the calls are completely different . They also show
marked difference in mtDNA sequence (Helbig et al. 1995).
The
species is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a rare vagrant in Northern Europe.
Western Bonelli's
Warbler is a small passerine bird, found in forest and woodland. 4-6 eggs are laid
in a nest on the ground.
Western Bonelli's warblerà 쯳pan>à à ?Video linkà 쯳pan>
Yellow-browed
Warbler or Inornate
Warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus)
?/span>is a leaf warbler (family Phylloscopidae) which breeds in temperate Asia. This warbler is strongly migratory and winters in tropical Southeast Asia. Like most similar birds, it was
formerly included in the "Old World warbler" assemblage.
It was
formerly considered to comprise of three subspecies, but humei and mandellii
are now split as a separate species (Hume's
Leaf Warbler),
leaving P. inornatus monotypic. The two sister species differ slightly but consistently
in morphology, bioacoustics, and molecular characters.
It is
amongst the most regular of Siberian Phylloscopus wanderers in Western Europe.
Yellow-browed
warblers are smaller and greener on the upper-parts than the Willow warbler
(P.trochilus). It has a broad yellow supercilium and a conspicuous double
yellow wing-bar. It behaves like other
Phylloscopus warblers and this together with the eye-stripe distinguishes it
from a Goldcrest (R. regulus ).?It
flicks both wings and tail and often feeds in a manner similar to?a Flycatcher.
Yellow-browed warblerà à à à ?Song
The
Pallas's
Warbler or Pallas's
Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus proregulus)
?/span>is a leaf warbler which breeds in southern Siberia, Mongolia and parts of Tibet and China. It is strongly migratory and winters in subtropical Asia.
This is a
bird of coniferous mountain woodlands. The nest is
built in a tree. Like most Old World warblers, this small passerine is insectivorous.
This tiny
warbler is prone to vagrancy as far as western Europe in late October and November, despite a 3000 km
distance from its breeding grounds. For example, this species occurs in late
autumn in Great
Britain
regularly enough that it is not classified as rare there.?This is one of the smallest warblers, and
shares greenish upper-parts and off-white under-parts with typical leaf
warblers. However, this is a little jewel of a bird, with prominent double wing
bars, supercilia and crown stripe, and a
lemon-yellow rump.
This bird
is not shy, but its arboreal life style makes it difficult to observe. It is
constantly in motion, and often hovers briefly, like a kinglet. Its song is powerful and Canary-like.
Pallas's warblerà à à à Ｏspan>Song
Hume's
Leaf-warbler or Hume's
Warbler (Phylloscopus humei)
?/span>a small leaf warbler which breeds in the mountains of
inner Asia. This warbler is migratory and winters mainly in India.
This bird
is named after Allan
Octavian Hume. Like
most similar songbirds, it was formerly included in the
"Old World
warbler"
assemblage.
Hume's
Leaf-warbler is one of the smallest "Old World warblers". Like most other leaf warblers, it has greenish upper-parts and
off-white under-parts. With its long supercilium, crown stripe and
yellow-margined tertial remiges, it is very similar to the Yellow-browed
Warbler (P.
inornatus). However, it has only one
prominent light wing bar, just a faint vestige of the second shorter wing bar,
pale greyish-olive and lacking in contrast with the mantle and scapulars
and overall duller colours. It also has a dark lower mandible and legs.
Its song
is buzzing and high pitched. The best distinction from the Yellow-browed
Warbler is the more disyllabic call. While the Eastern and Western Hume's Leaf
Warblers already show noticeable differences in mtDNA sequence and calls, their songs do not
differ; they are reproductively isolated only by allopatry and not usually considered
separate species.
Hume's Leaf-warblerà à Ｏspan>Song
Greenish
Warbler and Green
Warbler (Phylloscopus trochiloides)
?/span>are widespread leaf-warblers throughout their breeding range
in north-eastern Europe and temperate to subtropical continental Asia. This warbler is strongly migratory and winters in India. It is not uncommon as a spring or early autumn
vagrant in Western
Europe and is annually seen in Great Britain. In Central Europe large numbers of vagrant birds
are encountered in some years; some of these may stay to breed, as a handful of
pairs does each year in Germany.[1]
Like all
leaf-warblers, it was formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage, but now
belongs to the new leaf-warbler family Phylloscopidae.
This is a
typical leaf-warbler in ?/span>?/span>appearance, greyish-green above and off-white
below. The single wing bar found in the southern and western populations
distinguishes them from most similar species (except Arctic Warbler P. borealis). It is
slightly smaller than that species and has a thinner bill, without a dark tip
to the lower mandible. A latitude-based analysis of wintering
birds indicated that more northerly P. trochiloides are smaller, i.e.
this species does not seem to following Bergmann's rule?
Its song is a high jerky trill, in some populations containing a
sequence of down- and more rarely up - ?/span>slurred
notes.
It breeds
in lowland deciduous or mixed forest; non-breeding birds in the warmer parts of
its range may move to montane habitat in summer. Individuals from
southeast of the Himalayas are for example quite often seen
in Bhutan during the hot months, typically
in humid Bhutan Fir (Abies densa) forest up
to about 3,800 meters ASL or more, but they do not breed
there and return again to the adjacent subtropical lowlands in winter.
Greenish warblersà à à à ¼/span>Song
Arctic
Warbler, Phylloscopus
borealis,
a
widespread leaf
warbler in birch or mixed birch forest near water throughout its
breeding range in Fennoscandia and northern Asia. It has established a foothold in North America, breeding in Alaska.
The nest
is on the ground in a low shrub. Like most Old World warblers, this small passerine is insectivorous.
This
warbler is strongly migratory; the entire population winters
in southeast Asia. It therefore has one of the
longest migrations of any Old World insectivorous bird.
This is a
typical leaf warbler in appearance, greyish-green above and off-white below. Its
single wing bar distinguishes it from most similar species except the Greenish Warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides. It is larger than that species and has a
heavier, dagger-like bill, with a dark tip to the lower mandible. It has a
robust appearance with a large head and stout neck.??/span>Its
song is a fast trill.
This
species occurs as an autumn vagrant in western Europe and is annual in Great Britain.
Arctic warblerà à ༯span>Song